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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

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The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Catalytic bias in oxidation-reduction catalysis.

David W Mulder¹, John W Peters, Simone Raugei

¹Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|December 28, 2020

Summary

Catalytic bias describes a catalyst's differing rate acceleration for a reaction's forward versus reverse directions. This review defines catalytic bias and proposes model systems for studying enzyme-catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions.

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Area of Science:

Biocatalysis and Chemical Catalysis
Enzyme Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms

Background:

Catalytic bias, a catalyst's differing rate acceleration in opposing reaction directions, is crucial for efficiency in biological and industrial chemical processes.
While valuable in industrial catalysis, detailed information on catalytic bias in biocatalysis is limited due to assay challenges.
Oxidation-reduction reactions offer a tractable system for studying catalytic bias using colorimetric redox indicators.

Purpose of the Study:

To conceptually define catalytic bias in chemical reactions.
To develop model systems for investigating the parameters controlling catalytic bias in enzyme-catalyzed oxidation-reduction reactions.

Main Methods:

Conceptual definition of catalytic bias.
Development of model systems for studying enzyme kinetics.
Utilizing colorimetric redox indicators for oxidation-reduction reactions.

Main Results:

The review provides a conceptual framework for understanding catalytic bias.
Model systems are proposed for the quantitative study of catalytic bias in biocatalysis.
The utility of redox indicators for studying enzyme-catalyzed redox reactions is highlighted.

Conclusions:

Catalytic bias is a key property for optimizing reaction efficiency and fidelity in both biocatalysis and industrial chemistry.
Further development of sensitive assays is needed to fully elucidate catalytic bias in enzymes.
This work lays the groundwork for future research into controlling and utilizing enzyme catalytic bias.