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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Osteosarcopenia: A Systematic Review.

R Atlihan1, B Kirk, G Duque

  • 1Prof. Gustavo Duque, MD, Ph.D., FRACP, FGSA, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, Australia 3121, Tel: +61 3 8395 8121,

The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
|December 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Progressive resistance training (RT) is safe and effective for older adults with osteosarcopenia, improving muscle mass, strength, and bone mineral density (BMD). Nutritional interventions have not yet been studied in this population.

Keywords:
Bonemusclenutritionosteosarcopeniaresistance training

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Bone and Muscle Health
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Osteosarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by concurrent bone loss (osteopenia/osteoporosis) and muscle loss (sarcopenia).
  • This condition significantly elevates the risk of falls, fractures, and mortality in older adults.
  • Current research lacks comprehensive understanding of effective non-pharmacological interventions for osteosarcopenia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions, specifically exercise and nutritional strategies, on musculoskeletal outcomes in adults with osteosarcopenia.
  • To synthesize findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to inform clinical practice and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of RCTs was conducted, adhering to PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020179292).
  • Searched electronic databases for RCTs investigating exercise and/or nutritional supplementation (protein, vitamin D, calcium, creatine) in adults with osteosarcopenia.
  • Included studies assessed musculoskeletal measures such as bone mineral density (BMD), bone strength, muscle mass/strength, physical performance, and falls/fractures.

Main Results:

  • Two RCTs involving 106 older adults with osteosarcopenia met the inclusion criteria, focusing on progressive resistance training (RT).
  • Moderate-quality evidence indicates RT enhances muscle mass, strength, and quality, with strength and quality improvements preceding muscle mass gains.
  • Low-quality evidence suggests RT may increase lumbar spine BMD and maintain hip BMD, with no significant effect on bone turnover or physical performance.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic progressive resistance training (RT) is a safe and effective intervention for older adults with osteosarcopenia, promoting muscle and bone health.
  • RT demonstrates efficacy in increasing muscle mass, strength, and quality, alongside improvements in bone mineral density (BMD).
  • Further research is needed to investigate the impact of nutritional interventions like protein, vitamin D, calcium, or creatine in this high-risk population.