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States of Matter01:20

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Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Topological Dynamic Matter.

Carlos-Andres Palma1,2

  • 1Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, P.R. China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|December 28, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topology principles from condensed matter physics are now applied to dynamic matter. This enables novel control over thermodynamic states and nonreciprocal dynamics for advanced applications in energy and materials science.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Physical chemistry

Background:

  • Topological principles have successfully expanded from condensed matter physics to photonics, acoustics, electronics, and mechanics.
  • Extending topology to dynamic (soft) matter offers potential for controlling topological thermodynamic (micro)states and nonreciprocal dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore distinct topological concepts applicable to dynamic matter.
  • To discuss prospective functions and applications of topological principles in dynamic systems.
  • To highlight the potential of topological tools in advancing chemical topology from form to function.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of distinct topological concepts for dynamic matter.
  • Exemplification and discussion of topological tools for studying nonlocal order parameters or invariants.
  • Application of topological concepts to dynamic molecular matter and system chemistry.

Main Results:

  • Identification of topological concepts suitable for dynamic matter.
  • Demonstration of topological tools for analyzing nonlocal order in dynamic molecular systems.
  • Potential for engineering assemblies, reactions, and system chemistry with unconventional global properties.

Conclusions:

  • The extension of topology to dynamic matter opens new avenues for controlling thermodynamic states and dynamics.
  • Topological tools can be utilized to engineer complex chemical systems with novel global properties.
  • This approach has the potential to significantly advance physical chemistry and transform chemical topology into a functional science.