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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management.

Michelle Lende1, Asha Rijhsinghani1

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|December 29, 2020
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and related complications are increasing. This review focuses on the medical management of GDM during pregnancy, particularly in the United States, highlighting diagnostic and treatment variations.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rising obesity rates correlate with increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  • Significant advancements in understanding GDM diagnosis, implications, and management have occurred since the early 1900s.
  • Global variations exist in GDM definitions, screening methods, and treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various aspects of gestational diabetes mellitus.
  • To focus on the medical management of GDM during pregnancy in the United States.
  • To discuss the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups' recommendations for a standardized, outcome-based screening approach.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of GDM diagnosis, implications, and management.
  • Analysis of current practices in the United States regarding GDM medical management.
  • Examination of international recommendations for GDM screening and management.

Main Results:

  • Knowledge regarding GDM has expanded significantly, improving maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • International guidelines propose a unified one-step screening approach for GDM.
  • Medical management of GDM during pregnancy remains varied, with multiple treatment options for hyperglycemia.

Conclusions:

  • Despite advancements, global inconsistencies in GDM diagnosis and management persist.
  • Standardized international criteria for GDM screening are being developed.
  • Medical management of GDM in the US involves various approaches to control hyperglycemia during pregnancy.