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Updated: Nov 24, 2025

Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing

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Understanding the Role of Pattern Geometry on Nanofiltration Threshold Flux.

Anna Malakian¹, Zuo Zhou², Lucas Messick¹

¹Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.

|December 29, 2020

Summary

Membrane surface patterning with nanoscale line-and-groove structures effectively reduces colloidal fouling. Optimizing the pattern fraction ratio (PFR) above 1 enhances threshold flux by increasing vortex-induced shielding.

Keywords:

colloidal fouling membrane patterning membrane surface modification thin-film composite membranes threshold flux

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Colloidal fouling significantly impacts membrane performance in filtration processes.
Membrane surface patterning offers a promising strategy to mitigate fouling.
Understanding the influence of pattern geometry is crucial for effective antifouling designs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of nanoscale line-and-groove pattern geometries on colloidal fouling in nanofiltration membranes.
To quantitatively correlate pattern geometry, specifically the pattern fraction ratio (PFR), with membrane threshold flux.
To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, including vortex formation and shielding, responsible for enhanced fouling resistance.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of nanofiltration membranes with nanoscale line-and-groove patterns using thermal embossing.
Determination of threshold flux values via constant flux, cross-flow filtration experiments.
Application of a combined intermediate pore blocking and cake filtration model.
Utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze flow behavior within patterns.

Main Results:

Patterned membranes exhibited significantly higher threshold flux values compared to as-received and pressed membranes.
A quantitative relationship was established between the pattern fraction ratio (PFR) and threshold flux.
Increasing PFR correlated with increased vortex-forming area and enhanced vortex-induced shielding within pattern grooves.
Optimal threshold flux was observed for PFR values greater than 1.

Conclusions:

Nanoscale surface patterning, particularly with line-and-groove geometries, is an effective method to enhance colloidal fouling resistance in membranes.
The pattern fraction ratio (PFR) is a critical geometric parameter that dictates antifouling performance.
The findings provide a design guideline for creating patterned membranes with maximized threshold flux, applicable to various feature types and filtration applications.