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Related Concept Videos

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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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The axonal endolysosomal and autophagic systems.

Marijn Kuijpers1, Domenico Azarnia Tehran1, Volker Haucke1,2,3

  • 1Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|December 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Neurons face unique challenges in degrading waste due to their structure. This review explores the roles of autophagy and the endolysosomal system in axons for cellular health and disease.

Keywords:
autophagyaxonendosomeslysosomesneurotransmissionneurotrophinsynapse

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neurons possess complex structures, including long axons, presenting unique challenges for cellular degradation systems.
  • Autophagy and the endolysosomal system are crucial for clearing damaged proteins and organelles in neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of autophagy and endolysosomal system organization in neuronal axons.
  • To highlight the functions of these degradative pathways in axonal health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on neuronal autophagy and endolysosomal systems.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on organelle localization, distribution, and function within axons.

Main Results:

  • Autophagosomes and endosomes have specialized roles in axons, including cargo sequestration and membrane homeostasis.
  • Lysosomes and related organelles contribute to non-degradative functions like signaling and synapse formation.
  • Distinctive organization of these systems is evident in axons, impacting neuronal function.

Conclusions:

  • The autophagy and endolysosomal systems are highly specialized in neuronal axons, essential for maintaining cellular integrity.
  • Understanding these pathways offers insights into axonal disorders and potential therapeutic targets.