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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

The Use of Mouse Splenocytes to Assess Pathogen-associated Molecular Pattern Influence on Clock Gene Expression
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Circadian immune circuits.

Miguel Palomino-Segura1, Andrés Hidalgo1

  • 1Area of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|December 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The body

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Chronobiology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immune responses are regulated by specific receptors to target pathogens.
  • Optimizing immune responses requires precise gating in intensity and time to prevent host damage.
  • The circadian clock, an ancient time-keeping mechanism, plays a fundamental role in immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the circadian features of innate immunity.
  • To explore the role of structural cells in orchestrating immune responses.
  • To propose models of circadian circuits involving the central clock, structural elements, and immune cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of circadian rhythms in innate immunity.
  • Analysis of the interplay between immune cells and structural cells.

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In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
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In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
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  • Development of theoretical models for circadian immune regulation.

    • Main Results:

    • Circadian rhythms influence both effector immune cells and tissue-resident structural cells.
    • Structural cells are critical in orchestrating immune cell activity in space and time.
    • Multidirectional circadian circuits involving central clocks, structural elements, and immune cells are proposed.

    Conclusions:

    • Circadian gating is essential for optimizing immune responses and minimizing host damage.
    • Innate immunity involves coordinated temporal and spatial regulation by both immune and non-hematopoietic cells.
    • Circadian circuits involving structural and immune cells may significantly impact immune response efficacy and strength.