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    Hybrid brain-computer interfaces (BCI) combined with virtual reality (VR) enhance rehabilitation and gaming. Multi-modal sensing, integrating eye tracking and biosensors, addresses BCI limitations for broader BCI-VR adoption.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience and Human-Computer Interaction
    • Rehabilitation Engineering
    • Virtual Reality Technologies

    Background:

    • Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) combined with virtual reality (VR) offer novel applications in medical rehabilitation and entertainment.
    • Traditional BCI-VR systems face limitations including restricted command sets and low accuracy, hindering widespread adoption.
    • Hybrid BCIs, integrating multiple paradigms or multi-modal biosensors, are emerging as a solution to overcome these limitations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current state of multi-modal BCI-VR systems.
    • To explore the integration of eye tracking, motor capture, and myoelectric sensing within BCI-VR.
    • To discuss future development trends in multi-modal BCI-VR.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of BCI-VR development.
    • Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of incorporating specific sensing modalities (eye tracking, motor capture, myoelectric sensing).
    • Discussion of future trends and research pathways.

    Main Results:

    • BCI-VR integration presents significant potential but is constrained by BCI performance limitations.
    • Multi-modal sensing approaches, combining various biosensors and BCI paradigms, show promise in enhancing BCI-VR functionality.
    • Eye tracking, motor capture, and myoelectric sensing offer distinct benefits and challenges when integrated into BCI-VR systems.

    Conclusions:

    • Multi-modal BCI-VR represents a promising future direction for overcoming current technological barriers.
    • Further research into hybrid BCI strategies is crucial for advancing the field.
    • This review provides insights into the development trajectory and potential of advanced BCI-VR systems.