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Published on: January 16, 2019
Cardiorenal syndrome: Clinical and echocardiographic aspects
Paola Alprecht-Quiroz1, Byron Zúñiga-Pineda2,3,4, Joffre J Lara-Terán3
1Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Luis Vernaza, Guayaquil.
Insights
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) involves heart and kidney dysfunction, impacting patients with chronic kidney disease. Early diagnosis and interventions, including echocardiography and renal transplantation, are key to managing this complex condition.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Nephrology
- Internal Medicine
Background:
- Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is characterized by acute or chronic dysfunction between the heart and kidneys.
- Patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit high cardiovascular morbimortality, particularly heart failure (HF).
- Myocardial injury in CKD leads to ventricular remodeling and compensatory mechanisms involving renal regulation of fluid balance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiorenal syndrome.
- To highlight the role of echocardiography in diagnosing CRS.
- To explore treatment options, including renal transplantation for cardiac dysfunction in CKD patients.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical phenotypes of CRS.
- Analysis of cardiovascular and renal interactions in heart failure and atherosclerotic disease.
- Evaluation of diagnostic tools, specifically echocardiography.
- Assessment of therapeutic interventions, including renal transplantation.
Main Results:
- CRS presents with distinct clinical phenotypes where dysfunction in one organ affects the other.
- Hemodynamic interactions and atherosclerotic disease significantly impact both cardiac and renal systems in CKD patients.
- Echocardiography is identified as a valuable diagnostic tool for CRS.
Conclusions:
- Effective management of CRS requires understanding the interplay between cardiac and renal systems.
- Timely diagnosis using tools like echocardiography is crucial.
- Renal transplantation offers potential for remission of cardiac functional alterations in end-stage CKD patients.
Abstract:
El síndrome cardiorrenal (SCR) es un trastorno en el que intervienen el corazón y los riñones, interactuando y produciendo una disfunción entre ellos en forma aguda o crónica. Existen diferentes fenotipos clínicos bien identificados como «desórdenes del corazón y riñón en los que la disfunción aguda o crónica en un órgano induce la disfunción aguda o crónica del otro». La alta incidencia de morbimortalidad cardiovascular presente en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT), en especial la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), origina inicialmente una lesión miocárdica que conlleva remodelamiento ventricular, lo cual induce a la activación de mecanismos compensadores, entre los cuales el riñón es pieza fundamental, ya que regula la homeostasis hidroelectrolítica y así el volumen circulante, siendo esto en la etapa dialítica más evidente. Los cambios funcionales y anatómicos cardiovasculares que se producen en estos pacientes son muy prevalentes e incluyen las interacciones hemodinámicas del corazón y los riñones en la insuficiencia cardiaca, y el impacto de la enfermedad aterosclerótica en ambos sistemas de órganos. También describimos estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas aplicables al síndrome cardiorrenal, que determinan la importancia de la ecocardiografía como modelo de diagnóstico útil. Finalmente, se analizan las posibilidades de tratamiento y la remisión de las alteraciones funcionales cardiacas con el trasplante renal en los pacientes con ERCT.
Abstract:
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a disorder in which the heart and kidneys are involved, interacting and producing a dysfunction between them in an acute or chronic way. There are different clinical phenotypes well identified as “heart and kidney disorders in which acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ induces acute or chronic dysfunction in the other”. The high incidence of cardiovascular morbimortality in patients with chronic terminal kidney disease (CKD), especially heart failure (HF), initially causes a myocardial lesion that leads to ventricular remodeling, which induces the activation of compensatory mechanisms, among which the kidney is a fundamental part since it regulates the hydroelectrolytic homeostasis and thus the circulating volume, being this in the dialytic stage more evident. The functional and anatomical changes at cardiovascular level that occur in these patients are very prevalent, and include hemodynamic interactions of the heart and kidneys in heart failure and the impact of atherosclerotic disease in both organ systems. We also describe diagnostic and therapeutic strategies applicable to cardiorenal syndrome, which determine the importance of echocardiography as a useful diagnostic model. Finally, we analyze the possibilities of treatment and remission of cardiac functional alterations with renal transplantation in patients with T-CKD.
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