Roles of the HOX Proteins in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis
Ana Paço1, Simone Aparecida de Bessa Garcia2, Joana Leitão Castro2
1BLC3-Biomassa Lenho-Celulósica de 3ª Geração, Campus of Technology and Innovation, 3405-169 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal.
Abstract:
Invasion and metastasis correspond to the foremost cause of cancer-related death, and the molecular networks behind these two processes are extremely complex and dependent on the intra- and extracellular conditions along with the prime of the premetastatic niche. Currently, several studies suggest an association between the levels of HOX genes expression and cancer cell invasion and metastasis, which favour the formation of novel tumour masses. The deregulation of HOX genes by HMGA2/TET1 signalling and the regulatory effect of noncoding RNAs generated by the HOX loci can also promote invasion and metastasis, interfering with the expression of HOX genes or other genes relevant to these processes. In this review, we present five molecular mechanisms of HOX deregulation by which the HOX clusters products may affect invasion and metastatic processes in solid tumours.
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