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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the...
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Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

Clearance Models: Physiological Models

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Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
The organ's clearance rate depends on the blood flow to the organ and the extraction ratio (E). The extraction ratio describes the organ's...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models01:15

Model Approaches for Pharmacokinetic Data: Physiological Models

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Physiological models in pharmacokinetics are instrumental in understanding the distribution and elimination of drugs within the body. These models describe the drug concentration within target organs, influenced by factors such as drug uptake, tissue volume, and blood flow. Drug uptake is governed by the partition coefficient, which signifies the drug concentration ratio in tissue to that in the blood. The blood flow rate to a specific tissue is expressed as Qt, and the rate of change in tissue...
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Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models01:21

Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models

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Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
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Computational Models of Interoception and Body Regulation.

Frederike H Petzschner1, Sarah N Garfinkel2, Martin P Paulus3

  • 1Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

Trends in Neurosciences
|December 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Organisms maintain homeostasis through adaptive behaviors, integrating internal states with external context and expectations. This review explores computational models of interoception and body regulation for insights into cognition and health.

Keywords:
active inferenceallostasiscomputational psychiatryhomeostasispredictive codingreinforcement learning

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Organisms require physiological integrity for survival, relying on homeostasis maintained by adaptive behaviors.
  • Classical homeostatic control via reflex arcs is being extended by frameworks incorporating interoceptive context, experiences, and expectations.
  • Understanding these adaptive behaviors is crucial for both physical and mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review computational models of interoception, body regulation, and forecasting.
  • To define a landscape for these computational models.
  • To discuss challenges and implications for translational research, cognition, and health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent frameworks and computational models.
  • Analysis of adaptive behavior extending classical homeostatic control.
  • Discussion of translational research challenges and health implications.

Main Results:

  • A landscape for computational models of interoception, body regulation, and forecasting is defined.
  • Frameworks integrating interoceptive context, experiences, and expectations extend classical homeostatic control.
  • These models offer insights into cognition, physical health, and mental health.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptive behaviors are key to maintaining physiological integrity and homeostasis.
  • Computational models of interoception and forecasting provide a framework for understanding complex adaptive behaviors.
  • This research has significant implications for translational medicine and understanding health and disease.