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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Sensing Technology
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) performance is limited by system bandwidth, typically constrained by electrical components.
    • Increasing bandwidth is crucial for enhancing Φ-OTDR capabilities, but traditional methods face limitations.
    • The negative frequency band (NFB), utilized in communications, remains largely unexplored in distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the utilization of the negative frequency band (NFB) to double the available system bandwidth in Φ-OTDR.
    • To demonstrate the experimental improvement in sensing performance achieved by incorporating NFB.
    • To overcome the trade-off between sensing distance and scan-rate in Φ-OTDR systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Employing negative frequency band (NFB) utilization in Φ-OTDR systems.
    • Implementing positive and negative frequency multiplexing combined with frequency division multiplexing.
    • Conducting experimental validation on a 103 km optical fiber.

    Main Results:

    • Doubled the available system bandwidth in Φ-OTDR by effectively using NFB.
    • Achieved a 21.6 kHz scan-rate over a 103 km fiber.
    • Attained a strain resolution of 97 με/√Hz and a spatial resolution of 9.3 m.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method significantly enhances Φ-OTDR performance, offering the best results reported for distances over 100 km.
    • Utilizing NFB in Φ-OTDR breaks the conventional distance-rate trade-off.
    • The scheme is adaptable to other heterodyne-detection based DOFS systems, broadening performance enhancement possibilities.