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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
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Who Can You Count On? Understanding The Determinants of Reliability.

Roger Tourangeau1, Ting Yan1, Hanyu Sun1

  • 1Westat, MD, USA.

Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology
|December 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Question and respondent characteristics influence answer reliability in surveys. Factual, shorter questions and certain respondent traits like education and conscientiousness improve reliability, while complex or central-topic questions may decrease it.

Keywords:
Kappa, response timesgross discrepancy rateitem nonresponsereliability

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Area of Science:

  • Survey methodology
  • Psychometrics
  • Social sciences research

Background:

  • Ensuring the reliability of survey data is crucial for accurate research findings.
  • Previous studies have explored factors influencing response reliability, but a comprehensive analysis incorporating diverse characteristics is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify question and respondent characteristics that predict answer reliability in survey interviews.
  • To investigate the influence of factual versus attitudinal questions, question length, scale usage, and social desirability on reliability.
  • To examine respondent characteristics, including demographics and personality traits, associated with reliable responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reinterview data from the PATH Reliability and Validity (PATH-RV) study (n=524).
  • Coded question characteristics (e.g., topic, length, scale type) and respondent characteristics (e.g., demographics, Big Five traits).
  • Employed statistical models, including cross-classified models, to predict gross discrepancy rates (GDRs) and kappas.

Main Results:

  • Factual, shorter questions with fewer response options yielded more reliable answers than attitudinal or longer questions.
  • Questions about non-central topics and those without scales were more reliable.
  • Surprisingly, items with social desirability concerns showed higher reliability.
  • Respondent characteristics associated with reliability included higher education, conscientiousness, and income; tobacco use and sex also played a role.
  • Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black youths were less likely to provide consistent answers.

Conclusions:

  • Answer reliability in surveys is influenced by a combination of question design and respondent attributes.
  • Understanding these factors can help researchers design more reliable surveys and interpret data with greater confidence.
  • This study uniquely incorporates personality traits and examines relationships between reliability, item nonresponse, and response latency.