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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Engineering exosome polymer hybrids by atom transfer radical polymerization.

Sushil Lathwal1,2, Saigopalakrishna S Yerneni3, Susanne Boye4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Engineered exosomes with polymer coatings show improved stability and circulation time for drug delivery. This nanoengineering approach enhances therapeutic potential by overcoming limitations of natural exosomes.

Keywords:
ATRPexosomepolymerpolymer biohybrid

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Exosomes are promising drug delivery vehicles due to their natural origin and intercellular transfer capabilities.
  • Clinical translation is hindered by rapid clearance, aggregation, and protein shedding of exosomes during storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for controlled and reversible functionalization of exosome surfaces with polymers.
  • To enhance the stability and pharmacokinetic properties of exosomes for improved drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered exosome surfaces using cholesterol-modified DNA tethers and DNA block copolymers.
  • Grafted polymers directly from exosome surfaces via photo-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
  • Created exosome polymer hybrids (EPHs) with tunable polymer length and surface loading.

Main Results:

  • EPHs demonstrated enhanced stability under storage and in the presence of enzymes.
  • Controlled surface modification precisely regulated exosome interactions, cellular uptake, and bioactivity.
  • EPHs exhibited a fourfold increase in blood circulation time without altering tissue distribution.

Conclusions:

  • Precise nanoengineering of exosomes using ATRP offers a viable strategy for developing advanced therapeutic delivery systems.
  • Functionalized exosomes (EPHs) overcome key limitations of natural exosomes, improving their potential for clinical applications.
  • This approach enables modulation of exosome properties for optimized drug and therapeutic delivery.