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Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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Eyes Have It: From COVID-19 Perspective.

Soumya Sarkar1, Puneet Khanna1

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Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|January 1, 2021
PubMed
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The eyes can be affected by COVID-19, potentially serving as an early indicator of infection. Ocular manifestations offer insights into the disease

Keywords:
Adverse drug reactionsCOVID-19Emergency departmentEyecarePharmacovigilanceTrigger tool

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has demonstrated a wide range of clinical manifestations.
  • Ocular involvement in COVID-19, though less common, is increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding the ocular implications is crucial for comprehensive patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19.
  • To discuss the significance of eye involvement in the context of the pandemic.
  • To highlight the role of ophthalmology in diagnosing and managing COVID-19 patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies reporting ocular findings in COVID-19 patients.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the topic.

Main Results:

  • Conjunctivitis is the most frequently reported ocular symptom.
  • Other reported manifestations include dry eye, chemosis, and eyelid edema.
  • Viral RNA has been detected in ocular secretions, suggesting ocular tropism.

Conclusions:

  • Ocular symptoms can be an early sign of COVID-19 infection.
  • Ophthalmologists play a role in identifying and managing COVID-19.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term ocular effects of COVID-19.