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Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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This lesson explains the definition, classification, and characteristic features of an electrophile that are key features of nucleophilic substitution reactions. An analysis of their charge and orbital picture helps understand their reactivity for seeking electrons. Electrophiles can be classified into positive and neutral species. Other classes include free radicals and polar functional groups.
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Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
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Overview
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The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Multiply Charged Helium Droplet Anions.

Felix Laimer1, Fabio Zappa1,2, Paul Scheier1

  • 1Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers detected multiply charged helium droplet anions for the first time. Using low-energy electron ionization, they created stable anions with up to five negative charges, revealing unique properties of these helium nanostructures.

Keywords:
charge carriershelium dropletsmultiple chargessuperfluid

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Low-Temperature Physics
  • Nanoscale Science

Background:

  • Superfluid helium droplets are unique quantum systems.
  • Previous research focused primarily on cationic helium droplets.
  • Understanding the behavior of charged helium nanodroplets is crucial for exploring exotic matter states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first detection of multiply charged helium droplet anions.
  • To investigate the formation and stability of anionic helium droplets.
  • To determine the size dependence of different charge states in helium anions.

Main Methods:

  • Ionization of superfluid helium droplets using low-energy electrons (up to 25 eV).
  • Mass spectrometry to detect and characterize multiply charged anions.
  • Measurement of droplet appearance sizes for various charge states.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected multiply charged helium droplet anions for the first time.
  • Produced stable anions with up to five negative charges.
  • Determined that anionic droplets are significantly larger than cationic counterparts, with dianions appearing at ~4 million He atoms.
  • Observed signs of metastability in droplets with He*- charge carriers, which was suppressed by water molecule pickup.

Conclusions:

  • Multiply charged helium droplet anions can be formed and remain stable.
  • Anionic helium droplets exhibit distinct size characteristics compared to cationic droplets.
  • The metastability of He*- anions is sensitive to environmental factors like water contamination.