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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Quantitative evaluation and progress of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19.

Burak Numan Ugurlu1, Ozlem Akdogan2, Yasemin Ari Yilmaz3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Hitit University Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital, Çorum, Turkey. bnumanugurlu@gmail.com.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|January 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 often causes olfactory dysfunction, with most cases showing moderate to mild symptoms. Quantitative analysis revealed significant recovery within three months, highlighting the importance of smell tests for early diagnosis.

Keywords:
AnosmiaCOVID-19HyposmiaOlfactory dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • Previous studies often relied on patient self-reporting (anamnesis) for assessing smell loss.
  • Quantitative data on the progression of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively analyze olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.
  • To assess the recovery progress of olfactory dysfunction over a three-month period.
  • To determine the frequency of olfactory dysfunction as an initial symptom of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective investigation of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and new-onset olfactory dysfunction.
  • Utilized the Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT) to quantitatively measure olfactory function.
  • Followed up with patients for three months, re-administering the BSIT to track symptom progression.

Main Results:

  • 42 COVID-19 patients (mean age 41.2) presented with olfactory dysfunction (mean BSIT score 5.2).
  • 85.7% of patients experienced full recovery of smell function within three months (mean BSIT score increased to 9.9).
  • Olfactory dysfunction was the initial symptom in 40% of patients, preceding other symptoms by an average of two days.

Conclusions:

  • Quantitative assessment using BSIT shows a high incidence of moderate-to-mild olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.
  • A significant majority of patients achieve substantial recovery from smell loss within three months.
  • The frequent presentation of olfactory dysfunction as an early symptom underscores its diagnostic value for COVID-19.