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Related Concept Videos

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Depressant drugs, including alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, diminish central nervous system activity by enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity and promotes relaxation. These substances can have various therapeutic uses but also pose significant risks, especially when misused or combined.
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
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Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Alcohol dependence during COVID-19 lockdowns.

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COVID-19 lockdowns were linked to increased high-risk alcohol use. Hazardous drinking and likely dependence rose steadily over six months for those under restrictions, potentially worsening long-term health and social outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated widespread public health interventions, including lockdowns and social isolation.
  • These measures aimed to curb viral transmission but raised concerns about potential negative impacts on mental health and substance use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between COVID-19-related restrictions and changes in high-risk alcohol consumption.
  • To quantify the trend of hazardous alcohol use and alcohol dependence during the initial six months of the pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 5,931 individuals completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
  • Data were collected at six intervals between April and September 2020.
  • Participants were categorized based on whether they were under lockdown restrictions.

Main Results:

  • A significant month-by-month increase in hazardous alcohol use was observed among individuals under lockdown orders.
  • Likely alcohol dependence also showed a progressive increase during the study period for the restricted group.
  • These trends were more pronounced in the lockdown group compared to those not under restrictions.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 lockdowns and social isolation are associated with a measurable increase in high-risk alcohol use.
  • The observed rise in harmful alcohol consumption may lead to sustained adverse psychosocial, health, and occupational consequences.
  • Further research and interventions are needed to mitigate the long-term effects of pandemic-related substance use changes.