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Prefrontal cortex activation during working memory task in schizophrenia: A fNIRS study.

Vijay Kumar1, Sonika Nichenmetla1, Harleen Chhabra1

  • 1InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of mental health and neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.

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|January 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Schizophrenia patients show working memory deficits due to altered right frontopolar cortex activity. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate neuro-hemodynamics during working memory tasks in schizophrenia.

Keywords:
N-back testNeurocognitionPFCSchizophreniaWorking memoryfNIRS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Schizophrenia (SCZ) is characterized by neurocognitive deficits, particularly working memory (WM) impairment.
  • Prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities are implicated in SCZ-related WM deficits, but the precise neurobiological underpinnings remain unclear.
  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers a low-cost method for studying neuro-hemodynamic activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hemodynamic activity in the PFC during a WM task in individuals with SCZ using fNIRS.
  • To compare WM performance and associated neuro-hemodynamic responses between SCZ patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired fNIRS data during a computerized N-back task (0-, 1-, and 2-back) in 15 SCZ patients and 22 healthy controls.
  • Assessed WM performance using signal detection theory and mean reaction times.
  • Analyzed oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation in the bilateral PFC using an 8x8 optode array.

Main Results:

  • SCZ patients exhibited poorer performance on most WM parameters compared to controls (p < 0.05).
  • Reduced deoxyhemoglobin concentration in the right frontopolar cortex (BA10) was observed in SCZ during the 2-back task (p = 0.006).
  • Olanzapine equivalent doses negatively correlated with right frontopolar cortex activation and positively with better 2-back performance (false alarm rate).

Conclusions:

  • A delayed, compensatory hyperactivation of the right frontopolar cortex may contribute to WM deficits in SCZ.
  • Antipsychotic medication dosage appears to influence right frontopolar cortex activation and WM performance.
  • Further research with larger samples is recommended to validate the role of the right frontopolar cortex in SCZ and explore medication effects.