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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

47.1K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Odor Canopy: A Method for Comfortable Odorant Delivery in MRI.

Lior Gorodisky1,2, Ethan Livne1,2, Tali Weiss1

  • 1The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Chemical Senses
|January 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel "odor canopy" to improve functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for smell studies. This new method delivers scents quickly and comfortably, overcoming challenges in olfactory fMRI research.

Keywords:
anosmiafunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)olfactionolfactometryolfactory hedonicsolfactory perception

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Sensory Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is crucial for studying brain responses to stimuli.
  • Olfactory fMRI faces challenges due to imaging artifacts and difficulties in controlling odorant delivery.
  • Existing odor delivery systems (nasal cannulas, masks) have drawbacks and cause discomfort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel odor delivery system for fMRI of olfaction.
  • To address limitations of current odorant delivery methods in the MRI environment.
  • To enhance comfort and data quality in olfactory fMRI research.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of an MRI head-coil to create an "odor canopy" microenvironment.
  • Rapid switching (under 150 ms) of odorants within the odor canopy.
  • Proof-of-concept experiments to assess odorant presence/absence detection and comfort levels.
  • fMRI data acquisition to evaluate typical olfactory brain responses.

Main Results:

  • The odor canopy enables rapid and artifact-free odorant delivery without nasal cannulas or masks.
  • Participants reported greater comfort with the odor canopy compared to nasal masks.
  • fMRI data demonstrated clear dissociable odorant presence and absence signals.
  • Typical olfactory brain responses were observed using the odor canopy system.

Conclusions:

  • The odor canopy is a promising innovation for olfactory fMRI.
  • This method minimizes discomfort and improves stimulus control in olfactory neuroimaging.
  • The odor canopy facilitates more reliable and comfortable studies of the human olfactory system.