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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Types Of Superconductors01:28

Types Of Superconductors

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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

The Atomic Theory of Matter

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Cold and stable antimatter for fundamental physics.

Yasunori Yamazaki1

  • 1RIKEN.

Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
|January 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cold antimatter physics has advanced significantly, focusing on CPT symmetry and Weak Equivalence Principle tests. New techniques and the ELENA ring promise unprecedented precision in antimatter research.

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Antimatter Physics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • The field of cold antimatter physics has seen rapid development over the past two decades.
  • This progress coincides with the operational period of the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) at CERN.
  • Key research areas include tests of CPT symmetry and the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in cold antimatter physics driven by the Antiproton Decelerator (AD).
  • To highlight the development of novel techniques for manipulating and studying antimatter.
  • To discuss the future prospects of antimatter research with new facilities like ELENA.

Main Methods:

  • Development of techniques for cooling antiprotons and positrons to ultra-low temperatures.
Keywords:
CPT symmetryWeak Equivalence Principleantihydrogenantiprotoncold antimatter

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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  • Advanced methods for manipulating antihydrogen atoms.
  • Construction and utilization of high-precision Penning traps.
  • Laser spectroscopy of antihydrogen and antiprotonic helium.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a six-orders-of-magnitude improvement in the precision of antiproton and proton magnetic moments.
    • Realized laser spectroscopy of antihydrogen with a relative precision of 2 × 10-12.
    • Antiprotonic helium laser spectroscopy reached a relative precision of 8 × 10-10.
    • Three collaborations have initiated unique approaches for WEP tests.

    Conclusions:

    • The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) era has been pivotal for cold antimatter physics.
    • New experimental techniques and facilities like ELENA are poised to drive future breakthroughs.
    • The field is entering a new era with enhanced capabilities for antimatter research and potential transport to other facilities.