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Related Concept Videos

X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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Pedigree Analysis01:35

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Overview
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X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Exploring the Western Mediterranean through X-chromosome.

J F Ferragut1, K Bentayebi2, A Barbaro3

  • 1Departament de Biologia, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS) i Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.

International Journal of Legal Medicine
|January 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzed 21 X-chromosome markers in Western Mediterranean populations for forensic and genetic insights. The findings support their use in kinship and paternity testing, revealing population structure and migration patterns.

Keywords:
Alu insertionsBalearic IslandsCalabriaInvestigator Argus X-12 kitMoroccoValenciaWestern MediterraneanX-STRX-chromosome

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Genetics
  • Population Genetics
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • X-chromosome markers are crucial for forensic and population genetics.
  • Understanding genetic diversity in Western Mediterranean populations is important for human evolution studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the forensic and population genetics utility of 21 X-chromosome markers (9 X-Alu insertions and 12 X-STRs).
  • To analyze genetic differentiation and migration patterns in 11 Western Mediterranean populations.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of 21 X-chromosome markers in 716 individuals from 11 Western Mediterranean populations.
  • Calculation of forensic parameters and population genetic statistics.

Main Results:

  • The 21 X-loci panel demonstrated high combined forensic parameters, suitable for kinship and paternity testing.
  • X-STRs showed lower genetic differentiation among populations compared to X-Alu insertions.
  • Analysis indicated sex-biased migration, suggesting patrilocality in the region.

Conclusions:

  • The 21 X-chromosome marker panel is a valuable tool for forensic applications and population studies in the Western Mediterranean.
  • Genetic data suggest distinct patterns of differentiation and migration between sexes in the studied populations.