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Related Concept Videos

Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Cell Migration01:19

Cell Migration

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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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Cancer Cell Migration through Invadopodia01:35

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Invadosome is a broad category of cell surface structures with proteolytic activity that  degrades the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadosomes are present in normal cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and neurons, as well as tumor cells. Although the macrophage podosomes and tumor cell invadopodia are classified as invadosomes, they have different structures, molecular pathways, and functions. Podosomes are short structures that last for a few minutes. However,...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Injection of Syngeneic Murine Melanoma Cells to Determine Their Metastatic Potential in the Lungs
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Steps in metastasis: an updated review.

Jamal Majidpoor1, Keywan Mortezaee2,3

  • 1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England)
|January 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Metastasis involves tumor cells migrating individually or collectively, utilizing tumor-stromal interactions and transitions like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Strategies targeting metastasis formation and spread offer new therapeutic avenues, potentially combined with immunotherapy.

Keywords:
C-X-C chemokine (CXC)Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)Circulating tumor cell (CTC)Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)InvasionMetastasisPlateletSurvivalTransforming growth factor (TGF)Tumor microenvironment (TME)

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Cancer Metastasis Research

Background:

  • Metastasis is a complex, deadly cancer event driven by tumor cell invasion and migration.
  • Tumor cells interact with stromal cells, undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or hybrid EMT for invasion.
  • Abnormal vasculature and stromal interactions facilitate tumor cell intravasation, forming circulating tumor cells (CTCs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms of cancer metastasis.
  • To identify key cellular and environmental factors driving metastatic progression.
  • To explore potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting metastasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tumor cell migration, intravasation, and survival mechanisms.
  • Analysis of cellular transitions (EMT, hybrid EMT) and stromal interactions.
  • Examination of factors influencing circulating tumor cell (CTC) survival and dissemination.

Main Results:

  • Collective cell migration is less common but more efficient than single-cell migration.
  • Tumor cells employ survival strategies including metabolic rewiring, anoikis avoidance, and immune evasion.
  • Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) adapt to new environments, leading to dormancy or proliferation as disseminated tumor cells (DTCs).
  • Macrophage activity, impaired autophagy, and inflammation influence metastatic outgrowth.
  • Pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation, environmental stressors, and specific signaling pathways are critical for metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Metastasis involves intricate tumor-stromal interactions and cellular adaptations.
  • Targeting pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis-promoting factors offers therapeutic potential.
  • Combined therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapy, show promise for combating metastasis.