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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.2K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
2.2K
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

248
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
248
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

938
Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
938
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

140
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
140
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

163
Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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Skeletal muscle (dys)function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Eng Leng Saw1, Swetha Ramachandran2, Maria Valero-Muñoz1

  • 1Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine.

Current Opinion in Cardiology
|January 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Skeletal muscle dysfunction causes exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Research explores molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions targeting skeletal muscle to improve HFpEF symptoms.

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Last Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Skeletal Muscle Biology

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by exercise intolerance.
  • Skeletal muscle dysfunction is a key contributor to this exercise intolerance, manifesting as dyspnea and fatigue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the current understanding of skeletal muscle dysfunction in HFpEF.
  • To highlight the pathophysiological alterations and molecular mechanisms involved.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal and human studies.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle dysfunction.
  • Evaluation of proposed therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Studies reveal significant alterations in skeletal muscle structure and function in HFpEF.
  • Several molecular mechanisms contributing to muscle dysfunction have been identified.
  • Exercise training and pharmacological therapies targeting skeletal muscle show therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Skeletal muscle dysfunction plays a crucial pathophysiological role in HFpEF.
  • Further mechanistic insights are needed to fully understand its contribution.
  • Targeting skeletal muscle offers promising therapeutic avenues for HFpEF management.