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Related Concept Videos

Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

155
The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
155
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

107
Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
107
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

97
As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
97
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

87
Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
87
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

147
In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
147
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

72
Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
72

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Multidisciplinary Approach to Obesity Management: A Case Report
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[How to manage polypharmacia?]

Simon Jäger, Severin Schricker, Roman Tremmel

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |January 4, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pharmacogenomics (PGx) improves drug therapy outcomes and reduces adverse reactions by tailoring treatments. This summary promotes the clinical use of PGx diagnostics in Germany.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacogenomics
    • Personalized Medicine
    • Clinical Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is integral to personalized medicine for optimizing drug therapy and preventing adverse drug reactions.
    • Significant international efforts are underway to integrate PGx diagnostics into routine clinical practice.
    • Evidence-based guidelines for dose-adjusted treatments, developed by international experts, are publicly accessible.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To promote the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx) in Germany.
    • To summarize clinically relevant examples of PGx diagnostics.
    • To highlight the role of PGx in personalized medicine.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of publicly available, evidence-based recommendations from international expert groups.
    • Summarization of clinical examples of PGx diagnostics.
    • Focus on genetic testing for key enzymes and drug metabolism pathways.

    Main Results:

    • Established international recommendations support dose-adjusted treatments based on PGx.
    • Clinical examples include genetic testing for dihydropyrimidin-dehydrogenase, thiopurin-S-methyltransferase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes.
    • These examples demonstrate the practical application of PGx in patient care.

    Conclusions:

    • Pharmacogenomics offers a pathway to improve drug efficacy and safety.
    • The availability of expert guidelines and specific diagnostic examples facilitates clinical adoption.
    • Implementing PGx diagnostics in Germany can enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.