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Related Concept Videos

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts01:15

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

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In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution of...
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Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...
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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
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A toroid is a closely wound donut-shaped coil constructed using a single  conducting wire. In general, it is assumed that a toriod consists of  multiple circular loops perpendicular to its axis.
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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Hydroforming of Toroidal Bellows: Process Simulation and Quality Control.

Mengsi Ye1, Huifang Li1, Yougang Wang2

  • 1Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Toroidal bellows offer superior pressure handling and are increasingly used in engineering. This study optimizes their hydroforming process by analyzing key factors, leading to improved manufacturing and a predictive formula for wall thickness reduction.

Keywords:
finite element simulationhydroformingroundness of wave-shapetoroidal bellowswall thickness reduction

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Area of Science:

  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Manufacturing Processes

Background:

  • Toroidal or Ω-shape bellows are increasingly utilized in engineering due to their higher pressure capacity and compensation ability compared to U-shape bellows.
  • The quality of bellows hydroforming is critically assessed by wave-shape and wall thickness reduction.
  • Understanding factors influencing hydroforming is essential for optimizing bellows manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the key factors affecting the hydroforming process and quality of toroidal bellows.
  • To analyze stress and strain distributions during the hydroforming of monolayer and multi-layer toroidal bellows.
  • To develop a formula for predicting wall thickness reduction in hydroformed bellows.

Main Methods:

  • Finite element simulations were performed for monolayer and two-layer toroidal bellows.
  • Analysis included stress and strain distributions before and after unloading.
  • Wave height and wall thickness reduction were examined, with numerical results validated by experimental measurements.

Main Results:

  • Significant structural and operating factors influencing bellows quality were identified.
  • A formula was derived to compute wall thickness reduction based on simulation data.
  • The study provides valuable references for the actual manufacturing of toroidal bellows.

Conclusions:

  • The hydroforming process of toroidal bellows can be optimized by understanding critical parameters.
  • Finite element analysis coupled with experimental validation offers a robust approach to quality assessment.
  • The developed formula aids in predicting and controlling wall thickness reduction for improved bellows manufacturing.