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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Antibody Actions

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
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Viral Structure

Viral Structure

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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 23, 2025

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance

Published on: June 14, 2022

Structural basis for broad coronavirus neutralization.

Maximilian M Sauer¹, M Alexandra Tortorici^1,2, Young-Jun Park¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|January 5, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new monoclonal antibody, B6, broadly neutralizes diverse beta-coronaviruses by targeting a conserved spike protein epitope. This discovery offers a promising strategy for developing next-generation pan-coronavirus vaccines.

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Last Updated: Nov 23, 2025

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Author Spotlight: A Pseudotype Virus System for Assessing Omicron Subvariants and Neutralizing Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Research

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Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Structural Biology

Background:

Three highly pathogenic beta-coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) have caused significant human pandemics in recent decades.
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, has resulted in millions of infections and deaths globally.

Conclusions:

B6 antibody provides a structural framework for understanding broad beta-coronavirus cross-reactivity.
The findings support the potential for antibody-mediated broad coronavirus neutralization via vaccination.
An unexpected conserved epitope has been identified as a target for structure-guided design of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.