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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Developmental Changes in Phosphate Homeostasis.

Tate MacDonald1,2, Matthew Saurette1, Megan R Beggs1,2

  • 1Departments of Physiology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
|January 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Young animals enhance intestinal absorption and kidney reabsorption of phosphate to support rapid bone formation. This review explores developmental adaptations and endocrine signals crucial for maintaining a positive phosphate balance during growth.

Keywords:
DevelopmentPhosphatePhosphorusPostnatal

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Phosphate is essential for bone formation and mineralization, particularly during rapid infant development.
  • Young animals require a positive phosphate balance to support skeletal growth.
  • Physiological adaptations in intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption increase phosphate uptake in young animals compared to adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review intestinal and renal adaptations for achieving a positive phosphate balance in young animals.
  • To discuss ontogenic changes in phosphotropic endocrine signaling related to phosphate handling.
  • To propose a model for how endocrine factors influence phosphate balance during development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on phosphate balance, intestinal absorption, and renal reabsorption in developing animals.
  • Analysis of ontogenic changes in endocrine signaling pathways affecting phosphate metabolism.
  • Synthesis of information to propose a developmental model.

Main Results:

  • Young animals exhibit enhanced intestinal phosphate absorption and renal phosphate reabsorption.
  • Ontogenic changes in endocrine signaling, including growth hormone, triiodothyronine, and glucocorticoids, influence phosphate handling.
  • These adaptations collectively contribute to maintaining a positive phosphate balance necessary for growth.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental adaptations in phosphate absorption and reabsorption are critical for bone mineralization in young animals.
  • Endocrine factors play a significant, multifaceted role in regulating phosphate balance during development.
  • A comprehensive model integrating these factors is proposed to explain developmental phosphate homeostasis.