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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

911
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
911
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

609
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
609
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

326
Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
326
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

289
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
289

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Neurotuberculosis: an update.

Ajith Cherian1, Kesi Chellappan Ajitha2, Thomas Iype3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Acta Neurologica Belgica
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Summary

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe form of tuberculosis affecting the brain. Early diagnosis and treatment, alongside corticosteroids and appropriate drug regimens for drug resistance, are crucial for better outcomes.

Keywords:
BedaquilineChronic meningitisDelamanidDrug resistanceParadoxical reactionRifampicin

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, with significant global impact.
  • Genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in LTA4H, influence TBM risk and inflammation.
  • TBM presents with diverse neurological manifestations, including tuberculomas, encephalopathy, and spinal involvement, often mimicking other neurological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of tuberculous meningitis.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges and advancements in TBM detection.
  • To discuss treatment strategies for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TBM, including adjunctive therapies and management of complications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods, including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) like GeneXpert and line probe assays.
  • Review of current treatment guidelines for TBM, encompassing empirical therapy, adjunctive corticosteroids, and management of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).

Main Results:

  • TBM diagnosis is challenging due to its paucibacillary nature, often requiring empirical treatment.
  • Advanced diagnostic tools like CBNAAT (GeneXpert) and line probe assays improve TB detection and rifampicin resistance identification.
  • Adjunctive corticosteroids are recommended for all TBM patients, and specific drugs like bedaquiline and delamanid are approved for MDR-TB.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal management of TBM hinges on early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-TB treatment.
  • The stage of TBM at treatment initiation is the most critical factor influencing patient outcomes.
  • Managing complications like hydrocephalus and addressing drug resistance are essential components of TBM care.