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Additive Manufacturing Processes in Medical Applications.

Mika Salmi1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.

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Summary

Additive manufacturing (AM, 3D printing) offers personalized medical and dental solutions. This review categorizes AM processes and materials in healthcare, highlighting underutilized methods like directed energy deposition and sheet lamination.

Keywords:
3D printingadditive manufacturingclinicaldentalimplantsmedicalmethodsprocessesrapid manufacturingrapid prototyping

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Manufacturing Technology

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, is increasingly vital in medicine and dentistry due to its potential for personalized patient solutions.
  • The unique nature of each patient necessitates customized approaches, making AM a key technology in this sector.
  • Standardized terminology is crucial for systematic reviews of AM applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review additive manufacturing processes and materials used in medical and dental applications.
  • To identify and analyze less commonly utilized AM processes within the healthcare sector.
  • To classify AM processes according to ISO/ASTM standards and map them to medical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of AM processes based on ISO/ASTM standards: powder bed fusion, material extrusion, VAT photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet lamination, and directed energy deposition.
  • Classification of medical applications for each AM process.
  • Review of commonly used materials, including thermoplastics, photopolymers, and metal alloys like titanium.

Main Results:

  • Powder bed fusion, material extrusion, and VAT photopolymerization are widely used across all medical application categories.
  • Directed energy deposition is rarely used, primarily for implants.
  • Sheet lamination is infrequently applied to medical models or phantoms. Material jetting is not used for implants or biomanufacturing, while binder jetting is not used for tools, instruments, or medical device parts.

Conclusions:

  • The adoption of standard AM terminology would facilitate more systematic reviews and understanding of process utilization in medicine.
  • While common materials include thermoplastics, photopolymers, and titanium alloys, specific processes have limited application scope.
  • Ongoing advancements in binder jetting technology suggest expanded future possibilities within medical and dental AM applications.