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Related Concept Videos

Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 2 of Cognitive Development

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The preoperational stage, the second of Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, spans approximately ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thinking. During this stage, children use language, images, and symbols to represent objects and concepts, enabling them to engage in imaginative and pretend play. This symbolic thinking supports children's ability to perform make-believe actions, such as imagining a broom as a horse or their hand as a phone, blending...
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Information Processing Approach01:30

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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The Nativist Approach01:21

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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Piaget's Stage 3 of Cognitive Development01:17

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During Piaget's concrete operational stage, from ages 7 to 11, children exhibit a marked increase in logical thinking skills, specifically in relation to tangible, real-world events. This stage is characterized by the development of several essential cognitive concepts, including conservation, reversibility, and classification, all of which support the child's evolving capacity for structured thought.
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Related Experiment Video

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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Demands on Finite Cognitive Capacity Cause Infants' Perseverative Errors.

Sarah E Berger1

  • 1Department of Psychology New York University.

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Infant inhibition develops with cognitive capacity. Thirteen-month-olds inhibited actions on flat ground but perseverated on stairs, showing task difficulty impacts cognitive control and attention.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Cognitive science
  • Infant motor development

Background:

  • Inhibition is a key cognitive function developing in infancy.
  • Previous research linked infant perseveration to task-specific factors.
  • The relationship between locomotion and cognitive inhibition remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the development of inhibition in 13-month-old infants.
  • To examine how task demands, specifically locomotion challenges, affect inhibitory control.
  • To test a cognitive capacity account of infant perseveration.

Main Methods:

  • Two locomotor A-not-B tasks were administered to 13-month-old infants.
  • Task demands were manipulated by varying the locomotor challenge (flat ground vs. stairs).
  • Infants' ability to inhibit a prepotent, previously successful response was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Infants successfully inhibited responses when walking on flat ground (low task demand).
  • Infants perseverated (failed to inhibit) when descending stairs (high task demand).
  • Perseveration occurred despite controlling for previously identified confounding factors.

Conclusions:

  • Infant perseveration is influenced by cognitive load and task difficulty.
  • Locomotor challenges increase cognitive load, impairing inhibitory control.
  • Findings support a cognitive capacity model where resource allocation is crucial for inhibition.