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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Noise induced epigenetic effects: A systematic review.

Veruscka Leso1, Luca Fontana1, Ferdinando Finiello1

  • 1Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Noise & Health
|January 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic changes like DNA methylation and microRNA alterations are linked to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Further research is needed to confirm these epigenetic effects as biomarkers for risk assessment.

Keywords:
DNA methylationhearing losshistone modificationmicroRNAoccupational exposure

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Environmental Medicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a major cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms underlying NIHL pathogenesis are not fully understood.
  • Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone alterations, and microRNA expression changes, are potential links between noise exposure and hearing impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and assess whether epigenetic alterations can serve as biomarkers for noise exposure.
  • To evaluate the role of epigenetic changes in the early effects of noise exposure.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted.
  • Databases searched included Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science.

Main Results:

  • Noise exposure induced DNA methylation changes in workers and animal models, affecting genes related to hearing and extra-auditory effects.
  • Differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in NIHL workers, suggesting their potential as biomarkers.
  • Acoustic trauma altered histone acetylation and methylation in animals, indicating a role in acute damage and potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary evidence suggests a connection between noise exposure and epigenetic alterations.
  • The limited number of studies and methodological variations hinder definitive conclusions.
  • Further research is crucial to define the epigenetic impact of occupational noise and its role in predicting hearing loss for improved risk management.