Pore Alignment in Gelatin Scaffolds Enhances Chondrogenic Differentiation of Infrapatellar Fat Pad Derived...

One of the major strategies in tissue engineering is the biomimetic scaffold-based approach that aims at providing a near-native-like environment for cells to facilitate the regeneration of damaged/lost tissue. The extracellular matrix in native articular cartilage contains aligned collagen fibrils in the superficial (parallel to the articular surface) and deep zones (perpendicular to articular surface) of the tissue. Therefore, we hypothesized that scaffolds with aligned pore architecture may offer aligned collagen deposition upon cell seeding, and as a result, may enable enhanced chondrogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by comparing gelatin scaffolds with random and aligned pore architecture for their ability to differentiate infrapatellar fat pad derived mesenchymal stromal cells (IFP-MSCs) toward the chondrogenic lineage. The fabricated scaffolds with random and aligned pore architecture were comparable in terms of pore size, degree of cross-linking, equilibrium swelling ratio, and in vitro degradation behavior. However, scaffolds with aligned pore architecture demonstrated higher compressive modulus along with cellular infiltration and alignment in comparison to the scaffolds with random pore architecture. An in vitro chondrogenesis study of IFP-MSCs seeded in the developed scaffold systems revealed that scaffolds with aligned pore architecture supported better chondrogenesis in terms of sGAG and total collagen (histology and biochemical) and cartilage specific matrix deposition (immunofluorescence). Further, scaffolds with aligned pore architecture also supported oriented deposition of cell secreted collagen. Taken together, these results suggest that scaffolds with aligned pore architecture enhance in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of IFP-MSCs as compared to scaffolds with random pore architecture and hence could be a potential design criterion in the development of scaffolds for cartilage regeneration.