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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Analyzing Ex Vivo Metabolic Flux in Splenic and Cardiac Macrophages and Bone Marrow Monocytes
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Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses.

Yang Liu1,2,3, Ruyi Xu1,2,3, Huiyao Gu1,2,3

  • 1Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Afliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Biomarker Research
|January 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how macrophage metabolism influences their function in tissue repair and disease. It highlights the metabolic features of tumor-associated macrophages and their therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
Fatty acid oxidationFatty acid synthesisGlycolysisMacrophagesMetabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Macrophages are key immune cells involved in tissue homeostasis, repair, and pathogen defense.
  • Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly impact tumor initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Emerging research links macrophage phenotype and function to specific metabolic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in immunometabolism, focusing on how metabolism dictates macrophage phenotype and function.
  • To describe the metabolic characteristics of TAMs.
  • To discuss therapeutic implications, current challenges, and future directions in macrophage immunometabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in immunometabolism.
  • Analysis of metabolic pathways in M1 and M2 macrophages.
  • Examination of TAM metabolic profiles and their role in cancer.

Main Results:

  • Pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages primarily use glycolysis, while anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages depend on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).
  • Macrophage metabolism is more complex than initially understood, with distinct metabolic signatures influencing cellular behavior.
  • TAMs exhibit unique metabolic adaptations that support tumor progression.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic reprogramming is a critical determinant of macrophage function, particularly in the context of cancer.
  • Understanding TAM metabolism offers promising avenues for novel cancer therapies.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current obstacles and explore future directions in macrophage immunometabolism.