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Updated: Nov 22, 2025
Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
Published on: December 14, 2020
Prevalence and risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Indian population: A meta-analysis and
Sushmita Rai1, Akshay Kulkarni1, Uday C Ghoshal2
1Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India.
Background:
Indian population-based studies on the prevalence and risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are scanty, and a meta-analysis and a meta-regression of prevalence and risk factors based on the existing data have not yet been reported.
Methods:
A systematic review of all the available publications from India reporting data regarding prevalence and risk factors of GERD was performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. The meta-analysis was undertaken to measure the average proportion reported in the existing studies, and meta-regression models were used to explore the risk factors for it.
Results:
The nine studies included 20,614 subjects; the prevalence of GERD ranged from 5% to 28.5%. The summary effect size (weighted average proportion) estimated by meta-analytic model was 0.1415 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.099 to 0.197). The results for the test of heterogeneity that included tau2 (0.37, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.80), I2 (98.9%, 95% CI 98.01 to 99.77), and the Q-statistic (707.670; p < 0.0001) suggested high heterogeneity in the effect sizes. The pooled proportion of GERD (random-effects model) was 15.573 (95% CI 11.046 to 20.714). In the meta-regression model, sample size (p = 0.005) explained about 50% of the heterogeneity.
Conclusion:
The pooled prevalence of GERD in the Indian population is 15.6 (95% CI 11.046 to 20.714). The risk factors were age, body mass index (BMI), non-vegetarian diet, tea/coffee intake, tobacco, and alcohol consumption. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the studies.
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