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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

177
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
177
Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

143
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
143
Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management01:28

Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management

193
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, leading to the backward flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. This condition can arise from various causes, including rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, or degenerative valve disease. Effective nursing management is crucial to optimizing patient outcomes and involves comprehensive assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed...
193
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

126
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
126
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

157
Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
157
Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:22

Aortic Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

203
Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
203

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
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Paroxysmal Severe Mitral Regurgitation.

Thomas J Breen1, C Charles Jain2, Nicholas Y Tan2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings
|January 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Paroxysmal severe mitral regurgitation (MR) is a rare heart failure cause. This study identified three distinct mechanisms: LV dyssynchrony, annular dilatation, and coronary vasospasm, each requiring tailored treatment.

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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Physiology
  • Heart Failure Research

Background:

  • Paroxysmal severe mitral regurgitation (MR) is an underappreciated cause of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
  • Understanding its mechanisms and treatment is crucial for managing this condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of paroxysmal severe MR.
  • To identify distinct mechanisms underlying transient severe MR in patients with preserved LV function.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 6 patients with transient severe MR evaluated at Mayo Clinic (2006-2019).
  • Definition of paroxysmal severe MR: transient severe MR with mild resting MR, normal LV size, LVEF > 40%, and no obstructive coronary artery disease.

Main Results:

  • Identified 3 distinct mechanisms of paroxysmal severe MR: Type 1 (LV dyssynchrony from left bundle branch block), Type 2 (mitral annular dilatation), and Type 3 (coronary artery vasospasm).
  • Treatments varied: cardiac resynchronization therapy for Type 1, surgical valve replacement for Type 2, and medical therapy for Type 3.

Conclusions:

  • Paroxysmal severe MR is a rare but significant cause of heart failure in patients with preserved LV function.
  • Three distinct pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified, necessitating individualized treatment strategies.