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A nidovirus perspective on SARS-CoV-2.

Anastasia A Gulyaeva1, Alexander E Gorbalenya2

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Comparative genomics of the order Nidovirales, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, reveals protein variations crucial for understanding viral adaptation and reproduction. This research aids ongoing studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The 21st century has seen two major zoonotic coronavirus pandemics (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2), increasing urgency in coronavirus research.
  • The order Nidovirales, encompassing many related viruses, forms the foundation for understanding coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review protein conservation and variation within Nidovirales.
  • To illustrate the plasticity of the nidovirus proteome during adaptation.
  • To explore how proteome variations inform vital viral reproduction processes and SARS-CoV-2 research.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics of Nidovirales over 30 years.
  • Analysis of protein conservation and variation patterns across taxonomic groups.
  • Review of selected cases defining nidoviruses and their adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Comparative genomics has been pivotal in advancing coronavirus research, enabling knowledge transfer to new viruses.
  • Dissection of the nidovirus proteome identified key variation patterns between different taxonomic levels.
  • Protein conservation and variation define nidoviruses and highlight proteome plasticity during adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding protein dynamics in Nidovirales is essential for dissecting viral adaptation.
  • Proteomic insights are vital for comprehending nidovirus reproduction.
  • This review provides a framework for informing ongoing SARS-CoV-2 research through the lens of nidovirus comparative genomics.