Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

557
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
557
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

155
The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
155
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

81
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
81
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

763
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
763
Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines01:24

Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines

1.4K
Theophylline, a member of the methylxanthine class of bronchodilators, has long been used in asthma management. While its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is believed to have multiple effects on various cellular processes.
Theophylline is thought to inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This rise in cAMP and cGMP concentrations stimulates cardiac function,...
1.4K
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

437
The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
437

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Adaptive shifts in amygdala-hippocampal theta coupling govern aversive learning and extinction.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Linking human brain functional connectivity to underlying neurotransmission.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Increasing participation of people with thought disorder in clinical research.

European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists·2026
Same author

Dimensional Associations Between Conduct Problems and Brain Structure Across 18 International Cohorts in ENIGMA.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry·2026
Same author

Brain Age in Conduct Disorder:: A Mega-Analysis of the ENIGMA Antisocial Behavior Working Group.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP) in childhood and their association with brain structure and psychotic experiences in adulthood.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

16.3K

Shifting uncertainty intolerance: methylphenidate and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Alekhya Mandali1, Arjun Sethi2, Mara Cercignani3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Translational Psychiatry
|January 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients exhibit a bias towards risky choices. Methylphenidate amplifies this risk preference in both ADHD patients and healthy individuals, with a more pronounced effect in patients.

More Related Videos

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.1K
The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

28.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

16.3K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

6.1K
The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

28.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Computational Psychology

Background:

  • Risk evaluation is crucial for decision-making and is affected in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • Methylphenidate, a common ADHD treatment, has inconsistent effects on risk-taking behavior.
  • Impulsivity is a key symptom in ADHD, influencing risk tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate risk attitudes in ADHD patients versus healthy controls.
  • To examine the impact of methylphenidate on risk preferences in both groups.
  • To utilize computational modeling to understand decision-making processes related to risk.

Main Methods:

  • A double-blinded placebo-controlled study using the 2-step sequential learning task.
  • Comparison of risk attitudes between ADHD patients and age-matched healthy volunteers.
  • Application of the hierarchical drift-diffusion model to analyze decision parameters (threshold, drift rate, response bias).

Main Results:

  • ADHD patients on placebo demonstrated a significant a priori bias towards risky choices compared to controls.
  • Methylphenidate increased preference for risky choices in both ADHD patients and healthy individuals.
  • The effect of methylphenidate on risk preference was significantly greater in the ADHD patient group, irrespective of clinical scores.

Conclusions:

  • Methylphenidate may shift risk tolerance towards uncertain choices, potentially through prefrontal dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways.
  • Computational models are valuable for identifying underlying decision-making processes in psychiatric populations.
  • Methylphenidate exhibits differential effects on risk-taking in ADHD patients compared to healthy individuals.