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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
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Hematologic disorders associated with COVID-19: a review.

Mandeep Singh Rahi1, Vishal Jindal2, Sandra-Patrucco Reyes3

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Annals of Hematology
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) significantly impacts the blood system, causing clotting issues and low platelet counts. Early anticoagulation is crucial for managing COVID-19 complications and improving patient survival.

Keywords:
COVID-19Cytokine stormPulmonary embolismSARS-CoV-2

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, primarily affects the respiratory system but also causes multisystem abnormalities.
  • Hematologic manifestations are a significant concern in COVID-19 patients.
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to endothelial cell and monocyte infection, triggering cytokine release and intravascular thrombosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the hematologic abnormalities associated with COVID-19.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing and managing thrombotic complications.
  • To discuss the role of anticoagulation in improving patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on COVID-19 pathophysiology and hematologic manifestations.
  • Analysis of clinical data regarding thrombosis and coagulation abnormalities in COVID-19.
  • Discussion of diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic factors.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 is associated with lymphopenia, neutrophilia, and thrombocytopenia.
  • The disease can cause both arterial and venous thromboses, including pulmonary embolism and microthrombi.
  • Elevated hematologic biomarkers (LDH, D-dimer, ferritin, CRP) correlate with poor prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation are vital for managing COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and reducing morbidity and mortality.
  • A high index of suspicion for thrombotic events is essential.
  • Understanding COVID-19's hematologic pathophysiology is key to improving patient care.