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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

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Complement-activated human endothelial cells stimulate increased polyfunctionality in alloreactive T cells.

Catherine B Xie1, Jing Zhou2, Sean Mackay2

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|January 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Membrane attack complexes on endothelial cells activate T cells, increasing their polyfunctionality. IL-15 signaling from endothelial cells is key to this T cell activation, potentially linking antibody binding to allograft rejection.

Keywords:
T cell biologyalloantibodybasic (laboratory) research/sciencecomplement biologyimmunobiologymolecular biologyorgan transplantation in generalproteomicstranslational research/sciencevascular biology

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Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Transplantation Science

Background:

  • Antibody-mediated complement deposition on endothelial cells (ECs) can activate them.
  • Activated ECs can influence T cell responses, particularly effector memory T cells (TEM).
  • Interactions between ECs and T cells are implicated in allograft pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional consequences of EC activation by membrane attack complexes (MACs) on TEM.
  • To assess the role of EC-derived cytokines, specifically IL-15, in modulating T cell polyfunctionality.
  • To explore the link between EC activation, T cell responses, and potential allograft rejection mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-cell microchip 32-plex proteomics to analyze T cell function.
  • Studied IFN-γ-primed human ECs activated by MACs.
  • Employed blocking antibodies against IL-15 and IL-1 receptors to dissect signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • MAC-activated ECs significantly increased the frequency and degree of polyfunctionality in both CD4+ and CD8+ TEM.
  • IFN-γ and TNF-α were the primary cytokines secreted, with some TEM also producing IL-4, perforin, and granzyme B.
  • Blocking IL-15 signaling in MAC-activated ECs more effectively attenuated T cell polyfunctionality than blocking IL-1 signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cell activation by MACs enhances T cell polyfunctionality, mediated significantly by IL-15 transpresentation.
  • This EC-T cell interaction mechanism may contribute to T cell-mediated allograft pathologies.
  • Targeting IL-15 signaling could be a therapeutic strategy in antibody-mediated allograft rejection.