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Related Concept Videos

RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

27.2K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

7.3K
PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Establishment of Viral Infection and Analysis of Host-Virus Interaction in Drosophila Melanogaster
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The Interplay Between Viruses and RNAi Pathways in Insects.

Bryony C Bonning1, Maria-Carla Saleh2

  • 1Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA;

Annual Review of Entomology
|January 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

RNA interference (RNAi) is an insect immune defense against viruses. Insects use small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathways, but viruses evolve strategies to evade this RNAi antiviral response.

Keywords:
RNAi pathwaysantiviral immunityendogenous viral elementsviral suppressors of RNAi

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Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects
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Author Spotlight: Investigating Wolbachia-Induced Thelytokous Parthenogenesis and Genetic Toolkit Development Through RNA Interference
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Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects
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Author Spotlight: Investigating Wolbachia-Induced Thelytokous Parthenogenesis and Genetic Toolkit Development Through RNA Interference
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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Virology
  • * Immunology

Background:

  • * RNA interference (RNAi) is a crucial immune mechanism in insects, exhibiting pathogen specificity and memory.
  • * The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is the primary antiviral defense against RNA viruses in insects, with a lesser role against DNA viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review the intricate interplay between insect viruses and various RNAi pathways.
  • * To explore practical applications of these interactions in expression systems and pest/disease management.
  • * To identify future research directions in the field of insect antiviral immunity.

Main Methods:

  • * Literature review and synthesis of existing research on RNAi pathways and viral counter-strategies.
  • * Analysis of viral evolution in response to insect host defense mechanisms.
  • * Examination of current and potential applications of RNAi technology.

Main Results:

  • * Insect viruses have evolved diverse strategies (protein-mediated, decoy RNA, microRNA) to counteract the siRNA pathway.
  • * Understanding these viral evasion tactics is key to harnessing RNAi for practical applications.
  • * The siRNA pathway's role in viral selection and evolution is significant.

Conclusions:

  • * The constant evolutionary arms race between insect viruses and RNAi pathways shapes viral diversity and host immunity.
  • * Exploiting the mechanisms of RNAi and viral countermeasures offers promising avenues for agricultural and biotechnological advancements.
  • * Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complexities of RNAi-mediated antiviral defense in insects.