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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
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Primordial Protein Tails.

Onn Brandman1, Adam Frost2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.

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|January 8, 2021
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C-terminal tailing, a cellular defense mechanism, prevents toxic protein fragments. Recent studies reveal the intricate mechanisms behind this essential peptide synthesis process.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • C-terminal tailing is a conserved peptide synthesis pathway.
  • This process safeguards cells from potentially harmful, incomplete translation products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing C-terminal tailing.
  • To understand how cells protect themselves from toxic translation byproducts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized structural biology techniques.
  • Employed genetic analysis.
  • Performed biochemical assays.

Main Results:

  • Detailed the structural basis of C-terminal tailing.
  • Identified key genetic components involved in the process.
  • Characterized the biochemical reactions central to tailing.

Conclusions:

  • The studies provide a comprehensive understanding of C-terminal tailing.
  • Elucidated mechanisms offer insights into cellular quality control of protein synthesis.