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Updated: Nov 22, 2025
Identifying Microglia and Peripheral Infiltrating Macrophages in the Injured Spinal Cords Using Flow Cytometry
Published on: June 24, 2025
Recovery from spinal cord injury via M2 microglial polarization induced by Polygalae Radix
Tomoharu Kuboyama1, Seiya Kominato2, Misaki Nagumo2
1Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan; Section of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
Background:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a refractory neurodegenerative disease caused by inflammation. M1 microglia induce inflammation, whereas M2 suppress inflammation and exhibit neuroprotective effects. Following SCI, M1 cells are more predominant than M2 cells, and hence, increasing the predominance of M2 microglia may improve SCI.
Purpose:
We aimed to evaluate the active constituents of herbal medicine that induce M2 predominance and to investigate their effects using SCI model mice.
Methods:
Herbal medicine inducing M2 were screened using cultured microglia. After orally administering the active herbal medicine, Polygalae Radix (PR), to SCI model mice, motor function was evaluated. Compounds in the spinal cord following treatment were assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of compounds detected in the spinal cord were investigated in cultured microglia.
Results:
PR induced M2 predominance in cultured microglia, improved motor function in SCI model mice, and showed a tendency to increase M2 microglia and protect against axonal degeneration in the inured spinal cord. Sibiricose A5 and 3,6'-disinapoyl sucrose were identified as active constituents in PR.
Conclusion:
PR may be a promising candidate for the treatment of SCI by inducing M2 predominance.
