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Bioinspired Mineralization Using Chondrocyte Membrane Nanofragments.

Emilio Satoshi Hara, Masahiro Okada, Noriyuki Nagaoka

  • 1Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|January 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cell membrane nanofragments, not matrix vesicles, initiate bone mineralization in mice. These fragments serve as nucleation sites for calcium phosphate formation, offering potential for novel biomaterials in biomineralization therapies.

Keywords:
biomineralizationcell membrane nanofragmentsendochondral ossificationmatrix vesiclessecondary ossification center

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Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization
  • Materials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Skeletal Development

Background:

  • Biomineralization is a complex cellular process involving organic and inorganic matter interactions.
  • Secondary ossification centers are crucial for long bone development.
  • Understanding initial mineralization is key to developing effective biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate initial mineral formation in mouse femur secondary ossification centers.
  • Explore the role of cellular components in early biomineralization.
  • Develop novel biomaterials based on in vivo findings.

Main Methods:

  • Nanocomputed tomography for mineral deposition identification.
  • Histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
  • Electron microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) for ultrastructural and elemental analysis.
  • In vitro assays using synthesized artificial cell nanofragments.

Main Results:

  • Initial mineralization in mouse femur epiphysis (P5) occurs around hypertrophic chondrocytes, independent of osteoblasts until P6.
  • Cell-secreted matrix vesicles are absent; instead, chondrocyte membrane nanofragments act as nucleation sites.
  • Phospholipids in nanofragments provide phosphate for calcium phosphate formation, progressing from amorphous to apatite.
  • Synthesized artificial nanofragments promote mineral formation in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • Chondrocyte membrane nanofragments are the primary nucleation sites for early biomineralization in this model.
  • These nanofragments can be leveraged for the development of biomaterials to manipulate biomineralization processes.
  • Findings challenge existing models and offer new avenues for regenerative medicine.