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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion01:22

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

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The kidneys maintain homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Tubular reabsorption and secretion are crucial in forming urine and regulating electrolytes, water balance, and waste elimination.Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion ProcessesTubular reabsorption is the process that reclaims essential substances such as electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is achieved through passive and active transport...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System I: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration01:29

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The kidneys are vital organs responsible for regulating blood filtration, waste excretion, and fluid balance, all of which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Renal physiology examines renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and urine formation, ensuring the body’s internal environment remains stable.Renal Blood FlowThe kidneys receive about 20-25% of the cardiac output, typically around 1200 mL of blood per minute in an average adult. Blood flows into the kidneys through the renal...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Updated: Nov 22, 2025

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
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Microphysiological Systems to Recapitulate the Gut-Kidney Axis.

Laura Giordano1, Silvia Maria Mihaila1, Hossein Eslami Amirabadi2

  • 1Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Trends in Biotechnology
|January 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microphysiological systems (MPSs) offer advanced in vitro models for studying chronic kidney disease (CKD) by simulating the gut-kidney axis. These systems integrate tissue engineering and biosensors to overcome animal model limitations.

Keywords:
chronic kidney diseasegut–kidney axismicrophysiological systemsremote signalinguremic toxins

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Organ-on-a-Chip Technology
  • Renal Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves complex pathophysiology often linked to comorbidities.
  • The bidirectional gut-kidney crosstalk significantly influences CKD development and progression.
  • Existing animal models have limitations in fully recapitulating human disease states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of microphysiological systems (MPSs) for modeling the gut-kidney axis in CKD.
  • To discuss advancements enabling in vitro simulation of complex physiological interactions.
  • To highlight the need for MPSs that incorporate multiple organs and systems.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging tissue engineering, biofabrication, microfluidics, and biosensor technologies.
  • Developing MPSs capable of emulating in vitro organ interconnections.
  • Focusing on simulating the bidirectional crosstalk within the gut-kidney axis.

Main Results:

  • MPSs show promise for in vitro modeling of organ crosstalk.
  • Recent developments facilitate the emulation of complex physiological states.
  • The integration of multiple organ systems within MPSs is becoming feasible.

Conclusions:

  • MPSs represent a significant advancement for studying the gut-kidney axis in CKD.
  • These systems can potentially overcome limitations of traditional animal models.
  • Further development could lead to more comprehensive in vitro models of CKD pathophysiology.