Noncoding RNAs: Regulatory Molecules of Host-Microbiome Crosstalk

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Microbiome Research
• Genetics

Background:

• Regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs and circular RNAs, are increasingly recognized for their role in modulating host-microbe interactions.
• These ncRNAs are implicated as potential biomarkers for microbiome-linked diseases including cancers, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders.
• The complex interplay between different types of ncRNAs adds layers of complexity to understanding host-microbe dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically review the current findings on regulatory noncoding RNAs involved in microbiome-linked pathologies across different animal models.
• To explore the potential of these ncRNAs as therapeutic agents for improving health outcomes in humans and livestock.
• To address the challenges in translating knowledge from small animal models to complex, environmentally interacting larger animals.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and critical discussion of existing research on noncoding RNAs and host-microbe interactions.
• Analysis of studies involving both small (e.g., germ-free, knockout models) and large animal models.
• Synthesis of evidence regarding the role of microRNAs and circular RNAs in various disease contexts.

Main Results:

• Noncoding RNAs significantly influence host responses to microbial communities.
• Evidence suggests ncRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases like cancer, obesity, and neurodegeneration.
• Knowledge derived from controlled small animal models presents challenges for direct application to complex, outbred populations.

Conclusions:

• Regulatory noncoding RNAs are key players in microbiome-linked pathologies.
• Understanding these ncRNAs offers potential for novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
• Further research is needed to bridge the gap between small and large animal models for effective translation to human and livestock health.