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Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
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Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges

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An overview of developmental dysregulation of autonomic control in infants

Adulzir E Altamirano1,2, Christopher G Wilson2

  • 1Center for Health Disparities, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.

Birth Defects Research
|January 9, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Developmental disorders can disrupt autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation in infants. This review covers apnea of prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and Rett syndrome, detailing their mechanisms and treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation is a significant factor in various developmental disorders.
  • Perinatal conditions can profoundly impact neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review developmental disorders associated with autonomic nervous system dysregulation.
  • To explore the mechanisms, treatments, and preventative measures for these conditions.
  • To update understanding of ANS dysregulation's impact on brainstem circuit development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of perinatal conditions affecting developmental outcomes.
  • Analysis of clinical descriptions, hypothesized mechanisms, and standard treatments.
  • Consideration of preventative strategies and complications.

Main Results:

  • Apnea of prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and Rett syndrome are key conditions discussed.
  • Insights into the pathogenesis of autonomic dysregulation in neonates are provided.
  • Current treatment standards and future therapeutic options are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Autonomic nervous system dysregulation significantly impacts infant development and brainstem circuitry.
  • Further research into novel treatments and understanding controversies is warranted.

Keywords:
Rett syndromeapnea of prematurityautonomic nervous systembreathing controlrespirationsudden infant death syndrome

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