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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies
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Environmental RNAi pathways in the two-spotted spider mite.

Mosharrof Mondal1, Jacob Peter2, Obrie Scarbrough2

  • 1School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

BMC Genomics
|January 10, 2021
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Summary

Oral RNA interference (RNAi) in the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) shows limited success because ingested RNAs are mostly degraded. This study identifies factors influencing RNAi efficacy for better pest control strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Entomology

Background:

  • RNA interference (RNAi) regulates gene expression via small RNA effectors.
  • RNAi is a promising tool for arthropod pest control, with feeding being a convenient delivery method.
  • The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is a significant agricultural pest with high pesticide resistance, making it a target for RNAi.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fate of ingested RNAs in Tetranychus urticae.
  • To identify features and conditions affecting small RNA biogenesis from external RNA sources.
  • To inform the rational design of RNAi triggers for spider mite control.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical and sequencing approaches were employed.
  • Extensive computational assessment was used to analyze RNA metabolism.
  • Processing of synthetic and plant-derived RNAs ingested by mites was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Tetranychus urticae exhibits a modest response to oral RNAi, with distinct biogenesis pathways compared to model organisms.
  • Trans-acting small RNAs derived from ingested RNAs were found to be unstable and rare.
  • Degradation fragments were distinguished from active RNAi pathway substrates.

Conclusions:

  • Most ingested RNA transcripts are degraded in spider mites, with limited conversion into gene-regulating molecules.
  • The rarity of stable, trans-acting small RNAs from dietary sources suggests an adaptive trait to avoid generating diverse gene regulators from food.
  • This research offers a framework for evaluating RNAi technology in organisms lacking extensive genetic and biochemical tools, aiding in the design of effective RNAi strategies for T. urticae.