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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages
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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

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Understanding and treating paediatric hearing impairment.

Christian Wrobel1, Maria-Patapia Zafeiriou2, Tobias Moser3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany; Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany.

Ebiomedicine
|January 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Sensorineural hearing impairment affects many newborns and adolescents. Innovative treatments like gene therapy and stem cell-derived hair cell regeneration show promise for improved hearing restoration.

Keywords:
CochleaCochlear implantGene therapyHearing aidOptogeneticsStem cell

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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Genetics
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Sensorineural hearing impairment is common in newborns and adolescents, with over 50% of congenital cases having a genetic origin.
  • Monogenic deafness presents potential targets for future gene therapy interventions.
  • Current clinical management includes hearing aids, cochlear implants, and speech therapy, but significant unmet needs for hearing restoration persist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of pediatric hearing impairment.
  • To provide an update on preclinical developments in innovative hearing restoration approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on sensorineural hearing impairment.
  • Analysis of advancements in genetic diagnostics, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine.

Main Results:

  • Progress in clinical phenotyping, genetic diagnostics, and counseling for hearing impairment.
  • Disease modeling in transgenic mice has elucidated genetic hearing impairment mechanisms.
  • Preclinical studies indicate upcoming gene therapy trials and next-generation cochlear implants.

Conclusions:

  • Gene therapy and advanced cochlear implants are anticipated within the next decade.
  • Stem cell-derived sensory hair cells and neurons are advancing disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative strategies.
  • Despite progress, a major clinical need remains for enhanced hearing restoration methods.