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Selecting pharmacies for COVID-19 testing to ensure access.

Simon Risanger1, Bismark Singh2, David Morton3

  • 1Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 3, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. simon.risanger@ntnu.no.

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Summary

Expanding COVID-19 testing to all US pharmacies could make testing accessible to 94% of the population. Strategic pharmacy selection can improve access by an estimated 29 million people.

Keywords:
COVID-19Facility location optimizationPharmaciesPoints of dispensingTest accessTest site selection

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Health Services Research
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Rapid diagnostic testing for COVID-19 is crucial for public health interventions like social distancing and contact tracing.
  • Current access to COVID-19 testing remains inadequate in many US communities.
  • Pharmacies represent an underutilized resource with the potential to significantly expand testing coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the potential reach of widespread COVID-19 testing availability in US pharmacies.
  • To identify optimal pharmacy locations for maximizing testing accessibility using a facility location model.
  • To compare the effectiveness of optimized selection versus population density-based selection for testing sites.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a facility location optimization model.
  • Incorporated willingness-to-travel data from the US National Household Travel Survey.
  • Analyzed geographic distribution of pharmacies and population density across the US.

Main Results:

  • Widespread pharmacy testing could make COVID-19 tests accessible to an estimated 94% of the US population.
  • Independent pharmacies are essential for adequate testing coverage in less populated states like Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
  • Optimized selection of 1,000 pharmacy locations can reach an additional 29 million people compared to random selection based on population density.

Conclusions:

  • Expanding COVID-19 testing services to all US pharmacies is a feasible strategy to significantly improve public access.
  • A strategic, model-based approach to selecting testing sites maximizes reach and equity, particularly in underserved areas.
  • Leveraging pharmacies for testing is vital for effective pandemic response and disease containment efforts.